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  • Optimization of slag-alkaline binder compositions during the reconstruction of the built and constructed building

    The main properties of slag-alkaline binders were studied to determine their optimal composition. The possibility of controlling the properties of binders developed on the basis of phosphorus and blast furnace slag by introducing corrective additives into the aluminosilicate component of slag-alkaline binders, as well as by changing the type of alkaline component, has been experimentally proven. The conducted studies confirm the effectiveness of the use of sulfate-containing alkaline components for the production of slag-alkaline binders. As a result of the conducted experiments, slag-alkaline binders with an activity of 30 to 110 MPa were obtained. The possibility of regulating the properties of the developed slag-alkaline binders has been established. The required binding strength is achieved by adjusting the composition of the aluminosilicate component by introducing additives and the type of alkaline component.

    Keywords: alkali-silk binders, slags, optimal composition, basicity, chromium peak, construction materials, reconstruction, work technology

  • Organization of construction fortresses in the post-Golden Horde khanates

    Defensive structures of the Middle Ages were (and are) unique objects both in historical, architectural, and engineering terms. They intertwine the eras of many peoples and ethnic groups. Their development was influenced by a large number of factors. Their detailed analysis is the purpose of this work.

    Keywords: defensive structures, architecture, fortress, construction, architectural appearance, stages of development, Kazan yurt

  • The use of analytical methods in the study of pile foundations of historical and cultural heritage sites

    The relevance of the study lies in the fact that historical areas of cities and individual buildings that are objects of historical and architectural heritage were once built on pile foundations. Until the beginning of the 20th century, wooden elements, usually up to 9.0 m long, were laid as piles at the base of buildings and structures, which over a long period of operation received defects and damage in the form of damage by soft rot up to the complete destruction of the heads. The purpose of the work is to study the stress-strain state of the pile foundation at successive stages of development of defects and damage. The work systematizes the results of examinations of wooden piles and other elements located in the ground for a long time; laboratory studies of the actual operation of piles in water-saturated silt-clay soils were carried out. The results of field and laboratory studies are included in the calculation apparatus implemented by the finite element method in an elastoplastic formulation. The authors showed the actual operation of pile foundations of historical and architectural heritage objects at successive stages of pile damage and obtained a calculation model at the stage of complete destruction of the pile heads. Laboratory and theoretical studies have shown that in the modern practice of preserving objects of historical and architectural heritage, there is a vicious practice, which consists in the fact that they often strengthen the foundations in cases where there is no need for this, and sometimes it is even harmful.

    Keywords: cultural heritage sites, artificial foundations, piles, wood, water-saturated soils, structures, technical expertise

  • Some aspects of mathematical models of crack resistance of reinforced concrete rod elements

    The assumptions of mathematical models for calculating the crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures are considered. For each of them, an analysis was carried out to determine whether they correspond to reality throughout the entire life cycle of the structure: from the hardening of the concrete mix to destruction. Based on the results of the analysis, it was proposed to use only one single calculation at the level of standards to assess the crack resistance of structures - according to the crack opening width, acrc. So, for example, at a certain value of acrc, the structure will still remain airtight (the cracks will be non-through), and if this value is exceeded, it will not. At the same time, the calculations already available in the norms for limiting permeability and the safety of reinforcement will still remain in demand. At the junction of the theory of damage accumulation and nonlinear fracture mechanics, a compressed algorithm is proposed for possibly taking into account the influence of cracks at all scale levels of the concrete structure, the key for which is the normalization of the statistical parameters of the distribution of discontinuities by diameters, lengths, openings, depths, directions, distances between discontinuities, etc.

    Keywords: reinforced concrete, crack resistance, cracking moment, crack width, plasticity coefficient, damageability, non-linear fracture mechanics

  • Stages of development of the Kazan fortress in the second half of the 16th - 18th centuries

    The Kazan Kremlin is a unique object in its historical heritage. It intertwined epochs of many peoples and ethnic groups. Arising as a parking lot, and then as a Finno-Ugric settlement, it developed as a Bulgarian, Tatar and Russian fortress. The last so-called Russian era is rich in its diversity. References have been preserved in the sources and a lot of literature has been written about it. This publication gives the main points of the development of the fortress in the second half of the 16th - 18th centuries.

    Keywords: Kazan Kremlin, fortifications, architecture, fortress, construction, architectural appearance, stages of development

  • The conditions and factors that influenced the development of the architecture of defensive structures of the Kazan yurt in the XV-XVI centuries

    The defensive structures of the Kazan yurt are unique in both historical and architecturally objects. The era of many peoples and ethnic groups intertwined in them. Their development was influenced by a large number of factors. Their detailed analysis is the purpose of this work.

    Keywords: defensive structures, architecture, fortress, construction, architectural appearance, stages of development, Kazan yurt

  • Technical expertise: Identification of hazardous production facilities

    Issues of carrying out the identification of hazardous production facilities are discussed. On a real example of a survey of a warehouse of combustible substances, the implementation of a technical expertise with a conclusion drawn up on its results is illustrated. The article was written on the basis of the completed research work No. 22-78.

    Keywords: hazardous production facility, identification, technical expertise, industrial safety, building structures

  • Strengthening the building structures of the cable rack - a factor in improving environmental safety

    The issues of developing a project for strengthening the building structures of a cable overpass after an emergency (accident) are discussed. On a real example, a description of the accident is given, the performance of work on the ghost of structures to the standard state is illustrated. The article was written on the basis of the completed research work No. 18-26.

    Keywords: building structures, safety, cable trestle, emergency response, technical expertise, buildings and structures, metal structures, reinforcement project

  • Design and technological features of the construction of wind power plants and overhead lines, taking into account new technical solutions

    The technology of organizing the construction of decentralized energy systems based on wind power plants is given. New design solutions for the structural elements of wind turbines and overhead lines (tower, collapsible ballast-type foundation, protective element) are proposed, taking into account the specifics of the technology of construction and installation works. Data are given on reducing the cost of construction production by optimizing the machines and mechanisms used.

    Keywords: wind turbine structures, overhead lines, tower, collapsible ballast-type foundation, protective element, in-line method, decentralized system

  • Assumptions of mathematical models of crack resistance of reinforced concrete rod elements

    The assumptions of mathematical models for calculating the crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures are considered. For each of them, an analysis was carried out to determine whether they correspond to reality throughout the entire life cycle of the structure: from the hardening of the concrete mix to destruction. Based on the results of the analysis, it was proposed to use only one single calculation at the level of standards to assess the crack resistance of structures - according to the crack opening width, acrc. So, for example, at a certain value of acrc, the structure will still remain airtight (the cracks will be non-through), and if this value is exceeded, it will not. At the same time, the calculations already available in the norms for limiting permeability and the safety of reinforcement will still remain in demand. At the junction of the theory of damage accumulation and nonlinear fracture mechanics, a compressed algorithm is proposed for possibly taking into account the influence of cracks at all scale levels of the concrete structure, the key for which is the normalization of the statistical parameters of the distribution of discontinuities by diameters, lengths, openings, depths, directions, distances between discontinuities, etc.

    Keywords: reinforced concrete, crack resistance, cracking moment, crack width, plasticity coefficient, damageability, non-linear fracture mechanics

  • Technical expertise: a tool for detecting the fact of violation of the law during the restoration of a cultural heritage site

    An example of a technical examination of a cultural heritage object of federal significance is given in order to identify the fact of violation of the Federal legislation during its restoration. Recommendations are given on the preparation of a technical conclusion of this examination. The article was written on the basis of the research carried out (at the request of law enforcement agencies).

    Keywords: technical expertise, object of cultural heritage, violation of the law, building structures, temple, dome, restoration

  • Optimization of operating costs when using a prefabricated foundation for wind turbines

    The optimization of the taxable base of capital construction objects is considered, this is the desire of customers and operating organizations to manage the cost of ownership of one or another technical solution, which is certainly reasonable in modern conditions, when when making a technical solution, its full cost is estimated, including the so-called cost of ownership for the entire period of the life cycle of the object, from the formation of an idea for the creation of a future object to its decommissioning.

    Keywords: collapsible foundation, protective element, flow method, wind power plant, building structures

  • Technology for carrying out repair work at a cultural heritage site (on the example of the object "Common grave of Soviet soldiers who died of wounds")

    The procedure for carrying out a set of works to preserve the object of cultural heritage of regional significance "The mass grave of Soviet soldiers who died of wounds" is given. All stages of carrying out such types of work are considered, recommendations are given for solving issues that arise in the process of carrying out work.

    Keywords: repair, object of cultural significance, work technology, inspection, building structures, mass grave

  • Preservation of architectural concepts of small settlements: preservation of cultural heritage objects

    The algorithm of the project development for the preservation of the cultural heritage object is considered. Recommendations are given for carrying out work on the preservation of the ruined temple for the possibility of its further restoration. A real example of a survey of an object of regional significance "Church of Archangel Michael" (Belgorod region, Valuysky district, village of Podgornoye) is given.

    Keywords: conservation, object of cultural significance, survey, building structures, ruined temple

  • Some aspects of pre-design work on cultural heritage sites

    The procedure for performing pre-design work on cultural heritage objects of regional heritage is given (for example, the object "Former real school" in the city of Serdobsk, Penza region). An example of a survey of building structures, the compilation of a historical reference on the object, the collection of initial permits is given. The article is written on the basis of the completed research contract 22-146.

    Keywords: the object of cultural heritage, pre-design work, technical expertise, building structures, historical information