A comparative analysis of the lighting conditions of school premises was carried out based on design solutions for lighting devices from three Russian lamp manufacturers. All projects were carried out using lighting devices based on recommendations to manufacturers to use their range of lamps to illuminate various school premises. The design was carried out using the DIALux program. Each of the three manufacturers is widely known to specialists and has established itself as a reliable manufacturer of domestic lighting products, ready to offer a full range of lamps for various school premises. A technical and economic comparison of the total present costs for all lighting installations (using the example of one entire school) made it possible to conduct a comparative analysis and determine the most profitable options. An analysis of the current state of the Russian market of lighting devices recommended by manufacturers for classroom lighting has been carried out, their characteristics have been reviewed, and their compliance with current energy efficiency requirements has been assessed. Conclusions and forecasts have been made for the further development of lighting equipment with LEDs for lighting classrooms, based on the need to constantly improve the modern range of lighting devices in terms of their energy efficiency and competitiveness.

Keywords: technical and economic comparison, levelized cost method, comparative analysis, school lighting, lighting device, lighting modeling, energy efficiency

The article provides a brief overview of foreign experience in the application of information modeling technologies (BIM) in "green" construction. The work carried out a scientometric assessment of publications on the topic of BIM in "green" construction. As a result of the review, it was found that BIM has recently been increasingly used in the field of "green" construction, forming a new stage of resource efficiency and minimizing the negative impact on the environment.

Keywords: information modeling technologies, "green" construction, sustainable development, building life cycle, resource management, energy efficiency and environmental friendliness

The article discusses issues of improving the quality and safety of pedestrian and vehicle traffic in underground linear structures. The main parameters of traffic safety in tunnel-type transport structures are considered. The scope of application of luminescent and retroreflective materials in the construction and operation of concrete and asphalt concrete pavements has been determined. Recommendations are given for the use of special luminous materials in construction practice.

Keywords: concrete, asphalt concrete, reflective coatings, luminescent materials, traffic safety

In this article the existing principles of application of the illusion technique in architecture are considered. The classification of objects by purpose is presented, the key features of classification groups are highlighted. Examples of already existing constructed buildings with different typology are given and analyzed. The target direction of the article is based on the creation of the concept of volume (building) with the use of optical illusions to form a complex solution to clarify the overall concept of the object and achieve the effect of paradox in the viewer. The article also describes in detail the art-architectural and constructive solutions of the proposed concept with the definition of the exact location of the building in relation to the view and approach to it.

Keywords: Illusion, architectural volume, complex solution, paradox, dematerialization, visual perception, structural element, mirrored surface, hovering effect, tilt angle, master plan organization

The article provides an analysis of the state of the rationing issue in terms of performing the calculation justification and design of reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures using external reinforcement systems based on carbon fibers. The normative documents of the Russian Federation and foreign ones are considered, the analysis of the use of external reinforcement based on composite materials for structures of various types of work is carried out, the disadvantages of existing calculation and design methods are highlighted. In conclusion, recommendations are given on the appropriate improvement of calculation and design methods.

Keywords: external reinforcement, carbon fiber, reinforcement, restoration

The article presents the results of the laboratory test and finite element modeling of the facade basket design for the outdoor unit of the split system. A comparative analysis of the obtained data is performed. During the modeling, the main possible design situations were taken into account and the perilous zones were determined, in which destruction is expected. To confirm the obtained design values, a full-scale test was carried out, in which wind pressure was modeled using two horizontally applied loads. Based on the test results, it was determined that the modeling method used corresponds to reality, and the nature of destruction and maximum permissible loads were also established. Based on this, a conclusion was made about the suitability of using the facade basket design option considered in the article for the specified operating conditions.

Keywords: finite element model, testing, load-bearing capacity, reliability, deformability, air conditioner basket, bracket, destruction

The architecture of multifunctional residential complexes (MFRC) is considered in the aspect of “resistance” to external factors and influences. There are four levels of formation of the MFRK: the level of urban planning structure; level of volumetric-spatial organization; level of functional and architectural planning structure; the level of compositional organization and search for the expressive appearance of the MFRK. At each of the identified levels, the “target” indicators of “sustainable architecture” are achieved. The process of forming the MFRC is considered as a sequence of combinatorial search stages and procedures based on modeling the geometric parameters of the visual model of the MFRC in order to get as close as possible to the “stability indicator”. Four methods of combinatorial search modeling are proposed: the method of “overlaying” planning frames; method of “tracing” the formative contour; method of “collaging” functional planning elements; a method of combining “regular grids” in the public, business and residential parts of the MFRK. To intensify combinatorial search procedures, it is proposed to use digital design technologies.

Keywords: university complex, transit urban spaces, scenario approach, functional-thematic zones, architectural and environmental modules

The paper presents the results of the survey of consoles of precast reinforced concrete columns of an industrial building under construction. The consequences arising from errors during the manufacture of columns, as well as the method of calculating the console are described. The survey was carried out in order to detect the position of the reinforcement in the consoles of reinforced concrete columns. When performing a survey of the technical condition, the following tasks were set: to determine the actual condition of the supporting structures, their mating nodes at the time of the survey, to establish the actual reinforcement of the structures, to give recommendations for the restoration (strengthening) of the bearing capacity of the column consoles.

Keywords: inspection, load-bearing capacity, concrete, column, reinforcement, strengthening

The paper presents the results of the survey of the reinforced concrete monolithic foundation of a ball mill with central unloading. The consequences of errors made during the construction of the foundation of machines with dynamic loads, as well as the foundation monitoring methodology, are described. The survey was carried out due to an increase in the vibration level of the equipment installed on the foundation and the detection of foundation defects in the form of cracks and chips in concrete. When performing the technical condition survey, the following tasks were set: to determine the actual condition of the supporting structure at the time of the survey, to establish the physical and mechanical characteristics of the materials of the structure, to indicate the characteristics and dimensions of damage sufficient to determine the volume of repair and restoration work, to develop recommendations for further safe operation of the structure.

Keywords: inspection, bearing capacity, foundation, dynamic load, concrete, reinforcement, strengthening

Modernization of university campuses in the context of the development of domestic higher education and science to increase the technological sovereignty of the country is one of the pressing problems of modern domestic architecture. The article examines the main factors that determine the need to modernize existing university campuses and influence its capabilities and tools. Based on the analysis of these factors, the main modern requirements for campus modernization are formulated.

Keywords: modernization, university campus, modernization factors, modernization requirements

The article analyzes the idea of architectural reserves proposed by Pskov architect and restorer Yu.P. Spegalsky in the middle of the XX century. The Pskov restorer proposed to allocate separate sections of the city center with ancient monuments on their territory as the basis for its development as an open-air museum. The plan was not implemented, but later this theory was used as the basis for successfully implemented modern restoration and architectural projects aimed at developing the urban environment of Pskov. The options for continuing the development of the idea in the near future are considered on the example of a complex formed by ancient defensive structures and a monument of constructivist architecture.

Keywords: Y.P. Spegalsky, architecture of ancient Pskov, creativity of A.A. Olya, restoration in Pskov, Mstislavskaya Tower.

The article discusses the features and prospects of implementing distributed management of critical urban infrastructure facilities based on the principles of autonomy. Based on the analysis, the main technologies, directions of development and features of energy transfer in an urban environment are highlighted, contributing to the introduction of distributed management of urban infrastructure facilities. The study focuses on the analysis of the distributed structure of integrated security of critical urban infrastructure facilities and the development of general principles of distributed management of critical infrastructure facilities using the «Autonomous Building» technology. t is shown that the reliable and safe functioning of critical infrastructure facilities in the city is ensured through the synthesis of special technical systems for complex protection of the facility from major security threats based on the combined use of elements of life support and safety systems. At the same time, technical life support systems for autonomous objects of critical infrastructure of the city are built on the basis of the combined use of autonomous energy sources, including non-renewable energy sources, on the principles of joint operation of electric and static power converters, storage, frequency regulation and energy conversion, and technical safety systems of autonomous objects are built using combined optical and electronic means event detection and recognition with the ability to control the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.

Keywords: distributed management, technology, energy, energy transfer, urban infrastructure, critical facility, electrification, decentralization, automation, autonomy

The use of a solid analog and the involvement of an appropriate theory of stability made it possible to perform mathematical modeling and determine the parameters of the critical state of cylindrical mesh shells depending on the geometric characteristics and the number of half-waves of the shape of the loss of stability. The values of the critical load of cylindrical mesh shells are determined taking into account geometric and force factors. According to the results of calculations, the patterns of changes in the number of half-waves of the form of loss of stability and obtaining the minimum value of the critical load under the condition of maximum approximation of flexural and membrane stiffness are revealed and analyzed. A numerical example is shown in which the values of critical load and stiffness are determined, taking into account possible forms of loss of stability. The patterns of changes in these indicators for a given number of half-waves are established and analyzed.

Keywords: cylindrical mesh shells, mathematical modeling, critical load, stability, stiffness, number of half-waves

This study will examine the historical formation of the architecture of places of detention. The author gives space to the volumetric and planning transformation of prisons, examines the history of their emergence in stages and reveals the connection of these changes with the changes in the state and society as a whole. The study deals with the issues of restraint of freedom from inside and outside the penitentiary institutions, and partially touches upon the connection between fortification and penitentiary institutions in the sense of the continuity of the urban, architectural and landscape planning techniques of defence used. The study also presents examples of modern layouts; the types of layouts and the architectural means and techniques used in them to create a safe and comfortable environment are summarised in a table as material for analysis. In addition, as the results of the study, the main issues and directions of further development of prison architecture are indicated, and the author proposes models of optimal architectural and planning organisation in terms of security, surveillance and access control.

Keywords: security, prisons, penitentiary architecture, architecture, detention centres, design

In the construction sector, the reform of design and survey work allows us to take a fresh look at the state of engineering and geological research. The use of software systems provides an opportunity to automate this process during construction, reconstruction of buildings and structures in order to avoid the formation of landslide processes and reduce man-made risks. Limit equilibrium methods are used to determine the stability of a slope or an underground structure. Therefore, the purpose of the study in the article was to conduct engineering and geological surveys using various methods and then calculate the stability of landslide slopes. The sliding surfaces with the lowest coefficients of stability margin were selected by the optimization method for the calculated slopes.

Keywords: integration, reformation, method, construction, soil, landslide slope, man-made risk, surveys, automation

To develop a methodology for assessing the strength of ring flanges, research was conducted on the load-bearing capacity of welded pipe joints of varying diameters. The study employed the component finite element method (CFEM) implemented in the IDEAStatiCa Connection software. To verify the obtained results, a numerical experiment was carried out using the ANSYS software package. The investigation considered several types of flange joints made from welded pipes with different diameters. Parameters were selected based on common sections used according to russian Series 3.400-8 (Issue 2). The study found that for all cases, the highest stresses occurred on the flange at the joint with the smaller diameter pipe. The analysis indicated that the CFEM's applicability should be limited to diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D1/t1) of up to 40. Beyond this threshold, the CFEM does not accurately predict the strength of the joints due to the significant deformation that occurs in the pipe walls, forming a truncated cone shape at the flange junctions. For practical applications, formulas are proposed to check the strength of ring flanges. These formulas account for the weakening of the plates by bolt holes and provide conservative results. The findings highlight the necessity for additional numerical and physical experiments to refine the methodology for cases with D1/t1 ratios exceeding 75. The proposed approach offers a practical solution for evaluating the strength of ring flanges in welded pipe joints of varying diameters, contributing to the development of relevant engineering standards.

Keywords: load-bearing capacity, ring flanges, welded pipes, assembly joints, strength, component method, numerical experiment

Framed fabric roof structures of the sawtooth-type are considered. The structures are arranged on rectangular plan. They consist of a number of sectors which are separated by arch-shaped supporting ribs. The sectors are covered with a prestressed soft shell. Geometric nonlinear static analysis of the shell is performed taking into account the effect of snow and wind loads. The general dimensions of the shell and the prestress value are considered as the primary variables. Quantitative assessment of deformation of the shell is carried out by means of so-called deformability index. The index is reciprocal to the relative deflection. A functional expression for approximating the deformability index is proposed. The expression is to be used at the stage of developing the design solutions for fabric structures. The coefficients of the function are found by means of the least squares method. The guidance for assigning the main parameters of the sawtooth-type fabric structures are given.

Keywords: fabric structure, roof structure, soft shell, sawtooth roof, geometric parameters, prestress, deformability, approximation

This research presents the methods and conclusions obtained from modeling a composite wall panel with a wooden frame and polystyrene concrete core in the Lira-SAPR program, used in the construction of low-rise buildings for residential and commercial purposes. The findings were compared with the results of panel tests at the research laboratory of the Pacific State University (hereinafter TOGU).

Keywords: linear calculation, panel construction, low-rise construction, LIRA-SAPR, modeling

The public education project ""Dream School"", implemented in support of the federal school overhaul program, attracts students of architectural and design schools in the regions, which will allow them to simultaneously acquire applied competencies in the learning process. During the development of the design project, the need for specialists to conduct a preliminary design analysis was revealed, since one of the five schools did not meet the standards in terms of their spatial planning parameters. It is proposed to carry out the reconstruction of this educational institution. The premises of the dining room and the assembly hall are transferred to the annex block.

Keywords: school design project, school renovation, school recreation, public education project "Dream School", school reconstruction

Indentation is a universal and practical method for obtaining material characteristics, especially when it is impossible or difficult to expose the material to other measuring methods. Experimental data on the mechanical properties of various types of materials were obtained using the shock loading unit. A mathematical model based on the finite element method was used to verify the experimental results. The article considers the solution of the problem of classification of neural metals with different mechanical properties. As part of the work, an artificial neural network has been created that allows the distribution of materials into selected groups. It is determined that a significant advantage of using neural networks is the ability to process experimental data and identify complex nonlinear dependencies, which makes them in demand in tasks related to the study of material properties.

Keywords: impact indentation, neural network, task of classification, artificial intelligence, dynamic indentation, non-destructive testing.

In the paper, parametric equations of right conoidal surfaces with an orthogonal coordinate system with different guiding curves are obtained for the first time. Parametric equations for conoids with guide curves sine, cosine and parabola are presented. In the MathCad system, the constructions of right conoids with selected guide curves with various initial geometric parameters are visually performed and presented in the paper for the possibility of expanding their use in architectural design, construction and other industries.

Keywords: conoid, orthogonal coordinate system, sine, cosine, parabola, parametric equation, MathCad system

The article discusses the design features of wooden buildings constructed from cross laminated timber panels (CLT). CLTis a new material widely used in wooden house construction. The panels are used for the construction of multi-storey buildings and replace traditional frame and cobblestone wooden houses. The article analyzes the advantages of using CLT in modern construction, discusses various types of joints, such as butt joints, corner joints, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Special attention is paid to panel mounting methods that ensure the reliability and durability of the structure.

Keywords: wooden structure, wood, cross-laminated timber, CLT panel, nodal connection, connection system

The article presents calculations of energy costs when carrying out major renovations of a building. Based on the obtained values, the structure of fuel and energy resources expenditures by subgroups of repair and construction work was formed. The presented research results are based on the calculation and comparison of the obtained energy consumption values ​​in proportional units - kilograms of standard fuel. As a result of the study, the highest energy consumption was established, which is accounted for by the consumption of liquid fuel in comparison with electricity, which is due to the specifics of the machines and mechanisms used (truck crane, truck, etc.), as well as the chosen technology of repair and construction work. In order to account for and minimize energy costs during the period of major repairs, it is also proposed to monitor the consumption of fuel and energy resources.

Keywords: diversification of management, production diversification, financial and economic purposes of a diversification, technological purposes of ensuring flexibility of production

Paper presents an algorithm for analyzing and controlling data and project quality in construction using building information modeling and extensible markup language. The authors, argue that project quality stems from data quality and information quality. The proposed algorithm integrates BIM with extensible markup language, converting data quality and project quality criteria from employer information requirements into an extensible markup language scheme to ensure compliance with established standards. Key criteria for data quality and project quality include classification, identity, hierarchy, information identity, coordination, level of development , association, redundancy, staging, and spatial orientation. The algorithm involves creating a test BIM model, to simulate employer information requirements violations, performing checks using a Model Checker, automation tool in Autodesk Revit, and ensuring all criteria are met. The process includes saving verification checks, combining them, and generating reports in comma separated values format for transparency and further analysis. The authors highlight the importance of applying the algorithm from the early stages of project discussions, involving all participants to ensure the accuracy of data quality and project quality schemes. This approach leverages both international and domestic standards for continuous monitoring and immediate decision-making support throughout the project lifecycle.

Keywords: extensible markup language, information technical requirements, employer information requirements, building information model, information quality, project quality, model checking

The article is devoted to the study of the main methods of ice crossings and their reinforcement. Key concepts related to this type of transportation are considered, including the definition of an ice crossing, its role in the transportation infrastructure, and the conditions necessary for its construction. Special attention is paid to the preparatory work carried out in summer and the main work carried out in winter. The methods of ice crossing reinforcement are described in detail, including thermal reinforcement, use of logs, snow reinforcement and use of geosynthetic materials. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, as well as factors influencing the choice of a particular reinforcement method.

Keywords: ice crossing, reinforcement